Viking Notes

Vikings

Tuesday, March 16, 2010

9:35 AM

• Most of Europe had become Christian
• Celtics in Gaul and Ireland
• Tribal people
• Weren't Christian
• Dribanuistic
• Will eventually integrate
• Become one people

• In the north - Scandinavia
• Christianity hadn't spread
• Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland
• There were Nordic Vikings and Swedish Vikings
• Vikings attack England and Ireland
• Between the 8th and 11th centuries
• Spent a lot of time raiding England

• Believed in Odem
• Afterlife
• If they died in battle they would be greeted as heroes
• Called Norse or Northman
• Two primary sources for Viking mythology are elder Edda and the younger Edda
• Older in poetry younger in prose
• 13th century
• Written down by Christianized Norse in the 13th century
• The second of the important books is the Heimskringla
• Written by Snorri Sturluson
• Legends about the kings
• Not written until the Vikings are gone or Christianized

• In Norse mythology there are nine worlds
• We live on midgard
• To the north is Alfheimer - world of the elves
• To the south is Svartalfaheim - black elves
• To the east Vanaheimer
• Muspellheim - world of fire
• Jotunhemr - world of the giants

• To the west Niflheim - world of ice
• Up is Asgard - where the gods are
• Hel - netherworld
• Furthest away place across the ocean - Ginnungagap
• Vodin is told he can have something very special but he has to hang himself in a tree (Yggdrasil tree, huge tree that stretches into the upper world)
• He hangs for nine days and doesn't die
• He dies for a few seconds and come back to life with the knowledge of Runes
• Runes are their language
• Second big story is Ragnarok
• Great battle at the end of the world where everything is going to burn
• Once the fire goes out there's going to be new civilization

• Had a blood relationship
• If one of them was killed
• The rest were bound to find the

• Erik the Red
• Viking king
• Father of Leif Erikson
• Leif Erikson supposedly found North America
• Colonized Iceland, tried to colonize Greenland, might have tried to colonize northern Canada

Movie

• Had a great civilization
• Were great builders of boats
• Before they were vikings they were farmers
• Just wanted to survive
• Rely on livestock and farming
• Expanding population
• Start fighting each other
• Some decide just to up and leave
• Built boats
• Went to western coast of the british isles
• First raid was on a monastary - one of the richest and holiest places in england at that time
• Lindelsfar first major viking sea raid
• Tons of norse becames vikings
• Form fleets but the fleets act idependently
• To attack more inland places they go up one of the many rivers
• Attack paris
• Ancient terrorists
• Stay on the rivers raiding for years
• Whenever they attack nothing can stop them
• King of France pays off the Vikings so they will leave them alone
• Vikings do the opposite
• They see all the money that they have and start attacking all over Europe
• Norwegians move west and colonize iceland and greenland
• Erik the Red - colonizes greenland
• Harsh but a few hardcore vikings stay
• Have a nice government where people can speak for their defense and speak about community thin gs
• Leif Erikson - Erik the Red's son
• Gets blown off course - might have found newfoundland
• Colony last only a decade
• Leif erikson returns to Greenland
• They convert to christianity
• This is the way they unite
• Struggled with giving up their old ways
• Christians challenge a beserker to try and pass through their fire and they couldn't when he could pass through the pagans fire
• They all see that Chrisianity is more powerful

1066 battle of fulford - Britains and vikings

Vikings led by - harold hardrada

Lincoln v. Pericles Outline

1. Intro
1. Pericles - talking about the great struggle to against the Persians to keep their lifestyle as Athenians
2. Lincoln talking about the sacrifice that was made by the men fighting for what they belief in
3. Made in different times different situations and its hard to compare them in terms of what they were about
4. Better to compare them about what they did for the people
5. Lincoln appears to touch the heart of the Americans and instills more pride, honor and gratitude in them, than Pericles Funeral Address.

2. Mourning
1. Both speeches seek to mourn the dead and appeal to the people to continue to endure
2. Lincoln had a harder time - further into the war - after one of the bloodiest battle on Union soil
3. Lincoln explains how they can never forget the men - great comfort to the families
4. "The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here." says that the most important thing isn't the speech but the action that was the reason for the speech
5. "that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain" says that the deaths were for a reason and shall be revenged

3. Patriotism
1. Lincoln had a divided nation - Athens and Sparta had always been separated in some form
2. that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.
3. Stating that victory will be at hand and when it does there will be the same feeling of new freedom as there was after the revolution
4. Asks them to belief in their country

4. The cause
1. Fighting for the equality
2. Appeals for equal treatment - makes ties to the revolution again
3. "conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal"
4. Fighting over slavery and to hold the nation together
5. What was Pericles fighting for

5. Because of the circumstances Lincoln was able to instill more pride and patriotism, while mourning the dead and asking for the people to remember the cause.

How to Write a Good Academic Essay

Organization of an Academic Essay

(ex. Weeklies)

1. Five paragraphs / appx. 600-750 words

Order of Paragraphs

a. Intro paragraph: Catchy first sentence. No personal pronouns. Definitions if necessary.

Thesis statement.

i. On the thesis statement: The thesis is your opinion. It is the statement that you

are going to back up via the support of your primary sources and references. It

should come as the last sentence in your first paragraph and it should stand on

its own: in other words, one should be able to read your thesis statement and

understand exactly what your opinion is on the argument.

b. Paragraphs 2, 3, 4: Supporting paragraphs. These should include primary sources as

well as encyclopedic or secondary information that serves the sole purpose of

supporting your thesis. You should use in-text citations which correspond to the

sources in your MLA format bibliography. This is not the place for summary and

generalization. If the source or reference does not directly help your argument, leave it

out of the paragraph.

c. Conclusion: Your conclusion paragraph should sum up your argument and bring your

essay to a close.

2. Academic Prose

Tips

a. Do not use personal pronouns like "we" and "I".

b. Refrain from generalization, i.e. phrases like: "Everybody thinks that..."

c. Watch out for self-centrism, i.e. remember that not all of your readers will have the

same background as you; therefore, refrain from making assumptions about your

audience.

d. Vary your prose. Refrain from beginning all of your paragraphs or sentences the same

way. Use words that help make your argument as specific as possible.

e. Back up what you say. Use primary sources.
f. Maintain academic tone throughout. You are not writing an email. You are writing an

academic essay.

g. Think outside the box. Anything can make for an interesting topic and answers to open

ended questions can produce the greatest reflection. Think about how a specific

question relates to the topic we are studying in class. Look for parallels, patterns,

relationships.

The Vikings and Horned Helmets

The Vikings went into battle armed with the best weapons and tactics around during that time. They didn't, however, go into battle with horned helmets. Horned helmets were used for very special ceremonies, if they were used at all. They probably became a popular image of the vikings later, when people were looking back. They might have seen pictures of Viking ceremonies where they were worn and thought that all vikings wore them. As an added bonus, big men with horned helmets is more intimidating than big men without horned helmets, and that intimidation was what people expected from the Vikings.
"Viking Helmets - Did Viking Helmets Have Horns." European History The History of Europe. Web. 17 Mar. 2010. ."http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/thevikings/a/histmyths6.htm.

Viking Mythology Flashcards

Notes - Late Antiquity, Early Christianity, and the Byzantine Empire

Late antiquity, early Christianity, and the Byzantine Empire

Monday, March 15, 2010

10:04 AM

Romans having a lot of trouble with the Germanic tribes

At Marcus Aurelius the Roman Empire doesn't stretch any further

After Marcus Aurelius things go into disarray

Things stable out with Septimius Severus

Really the last dynasty

Then the soldier empowers

All generals

Several emperors in several years

Civil warfare

Things falling apart

Diocletian

New form of government

The Dominate

Totalitarian

All authority in one guy

The techtrachy - rule by four

Splits the empire into two parts - west and east

Two in charge of west - two in charge of east

War between the two most powerful - Mexentius and Constantine the First

Had a great battle - Battle of Milvian Bridge

Constantine wins the battle

He saw a Christian image

Becomes the sole leader

Makes Christianity legal

Moves capital to Constantinople

Late Antiquity

• End of Roman Crisis of the third Century
• Reformation of eastern empire
• Christianization of the empire
• Rome is sacked

• Originally the Christians had to meet in secret
• In Rome they met in secret
• After late antiquity Christianity spreads to everything that used to be the Roman Empire
• Used coded language and coded art to get their ideas together
• Met in the catacombs
• Christian and Constantinople art

Byzantine Empire

• Basically the land of the eastern roman empire
• Goes well into the renaissance
• Justinian tries to merge the church and state together

Viking Mascots

Vikings are so common mascots because of their ferocity. Mascots are meant to make the team look tough and unbeatable. The Vikings have a reputation for being mean, intimidating, and hard hitting, which is something that sports teams want as an image. Would you rather play for or even support a football team named the Butterflies or the Vikings? Mascots are about spirit, intimidation, and are meant to portray a tough image for the team, and Vikings do a great job at doing just that.

Notes - Rome

Rome

Monday, March 01, 2010

9:41 AM

• Rome was the first real empire
• We still feel the affects of the Roman Empire
• Trojan war forms the same mythological background for the Romans as I did for the Greeks
• Some people escaped
• Led by Aeneas and his father and his son
• Trojans go to Carthage in Africa
• Aeneas falls in love with the Carthaginian queen
• Gods tell Aeneas that his future isn't there it's in Italy
• At this time Sicily was mostly in Greek control
• Southern Italy was inhabited by Greeks
• There's a variety of people and geography
• When Aeneas landed he fought a war against the Latins who were the people that lived there
• He wins the war and takes over that part
• Alba Longa was the capital of the new Trojan settlement just south of Rome

• Romulus and Remus were raised by a She wolf and grew up
• Romulus and Remus go to war
• Romulus wins and founds the city Roma or Rome
• Rome was founded 753 B.C.E.
• At first is was really just a village
• It was formed around two different social classes
• The Patricians had the money and power and everyone else were plebeians
• The struggle of the orders is the struggle between the two social classes
• The Patricians give the plebeians one representative with a veto power
• Rome will be the first city to have 1 million people
• It will be the biggest empire in history
• They conquer the land north to them
• When they conquer something they place a governor and a battalion place a few new laws and a tax and then let the people be
• After the capture the rest of Italy, the go to southern France
• Then they go to Spain
• The Greek generals want to know who these Romans are and the set out to conquer them
• Pyrrhus leads and expedition to invade Rome
• He wins almost all of the battles but he loses so many people that he can't continue any more and they can't pull of the final victory
• Rome is able to fend off their first major attacker and gets put on the map
• In the age of expansion Rome starts to have power in the Mediterranean
• Their first major conflict is against the Carthaginians
• Sardinia asks for help when fighting over trade routes and Romans come to help their allies
• Three Punic Wars in 100 years
• Between 264 B.C.E and 146 B.C.E

Important events in Rome

1. Aeneas / Trojans defeat Latium
2. Alba Longa
3. Romulus and Remus / founding of Rome in 753 BCE

4. Expulsion of Etruscan Kings / Establishment of Roman Republic

Etruria

Tarquin the Proud

Tarquin the Sixth

Lucretia

Lucius Junius Brutus

Roman republic 509 BCE

5. Struggle of the orders / tribune of the plebs
6. Roman Expansion / Pyrrhus

7. First Punic War

Herodotus - history of the Persian War - he is known as the father of history - first time that we really have a systematic history of a certain event - he goes out and tracks down stories by himself - he goes to the places and talks to people

Thucydides - Greek lived after Herodotus - closer to the age of Aristotle - wrote the history of the Peloponnesian War - much more accurate in what h says

Livy - A roman Historian - writes the history of Rome from Romulus and Remus to his tome in Augustine's rule

Punic Wars

• In the first war Rome helps Sardinia and is able to control a bit more but the fundamental difference isn't resolved
• Fought over the trade routes between Sicily and Sardinia to control routes all over the Mediterranean
• Put Rome on the map

• The second Punic War
• Rome only controlled the southern half of Italy Sardinia and Corsica
• Carthage controlled most of North Africa and Part of Spain
• Hannibal brings war elephants
• They trampled roman forces and decimated them
• Hannibal gets within 50 miles of Rome
• Doesn't have the man power or the supplies to siege Rome
• Eventually loses because he had to retreat to

• Last Battle of the Second Punic War
• Scipio and Hannibal on opposite sides
• Battle of Zama
• Hannibal tries to use his elephants but Romans care them with noise
• Scipio charges with infantry
• Calvary clashes
• Most of the Calvary is drawn off
• Almost in a stalemate
• Then Scorpio brings the little Calvary he has left back
• Defeats Carthaginians

Find a resource on the ancient world or history - write an explanation of what it is and why its useful

What were roman attitudes to women and children when the twelve tables were written

AD Rome

• Villa culture
• Villa - almost like a country home
• Decorated with art and spoils of war
• Senators worked in city then left for the weekend
• Many villas near Naples
• Helped them forget about the wars and conquests and politics
• Only patricians had villas
• Suburb was a tight compacted neighborhood with dozens of people within feet of you constantly
• Gracchus brothers - Tiberius and Gaius
• Ran on a platform of land rights for plebeians
• Said it was unfair that the plebeians were fighting for Rome's expansion and they don't get any awards
• Both were assassinated because it caused friction between people in the Senate
• Assassinated in two separate events
• First ones assassinated

• Marullus and sullies
• Had fought for Rome and had had great victories that conquered other place
• Begin to butt heads
• Marullus is involve in the social war
• Patricians and plebeians fight
• Sent to put down these uprising all over Italy
• See a buildup of troops loyal to specific generals

• The first civil war
• Between Sulla's army and Marullus army
• Sulla threatens to march o Rome
• Marullus said he would defend Rome
• Sulla wins and Marullus has to flee Rome

• Julius Caesar
• Caesar born in 100 BC
• Right at the turn of the century
• Live until 44 BC
• Complete revolution in Roman politics
• Form family call the Julia
• Glorious past but not much has happened recently
• Julius wants to relive that glory and he runs for the Senate
• Highest position is the councils
• Like a parliamentary system with a prime minister
• After their term was over they were sent out to be a governor somewhere in the empire
• Traditionally roman patricians got their council by being buddy buddy with other patricians
• Instead Caesar becomes popular among the people of Rome
• Two political parties are formed
• One is the Optimizes - patricians and patricians
• Populates - caser - gain their power from the common people
• He wins the Council
• Senators don't like this young guy getting power by the people
• They try to make his life miserable
• Match him with another guy that is the complete opposite of him
• After his term they send to Gaul
• Then it was the middle of nowhere
• Was just the bottom of modern day France
• Caesar goes and makes a name for himself
• He sets out to conquer all of Gaul
• He conquers all of France and then crosses the English channel and conquers some of Britain
• Senators get nervous because people love the stories that Caesar's sends back
• When its time for him to get back
• Senators say that Cesar's battles are illegal because they didn't have the authority
• Say he needs to stand trial
• Cesar decides to start a civil war instead and
• The senators send Pompey to fight Cesar
• Cesar had the utmost respect for them
• Pompey had made has name fighting the pirates in the Mediterranean
• Pompey v. Caesar
• Caesar's troops are known for being extremely fast and they fight all over the medditerean during the war\r\
• The final battle occurs in Pharsalus
• Decisive battle of the civil war between Caesar and Pompeii
• Mark Antony has a huge role in winning the battle
• Most of the leaders on pompeys side either are killed or they commit suicide
• Caesar mad that people in Egypt decapitate Pompey when he flees
• Egypt and Rome become allies
• When he comes home to Rome he is hailed a hero
• Soon senators get scared and they decide to kill him
• Brutus is the central one

Octavian and Augustine

• Octavian - Caesar's nephew and named his heir
• Swears revenge on the people that killed Caesar's
• Octavian and Antony - form an alliance (triumvirate) with Lepidus
• Lep. Is the money guy Antony and Octavian have the power
• Split the empire in three
• Octavian west - Antony central - Lep. - east
• Soon lep. Is knocked out
• Antony has an alliance with Cleopatra
• They go to war with Octavian
• Giant sea battle
• Octavia defeats Antony
• Antony kills himself and so does Cleopatra
• Octavian becomes the sole power in the Roman empire
• Honored by the senate that declares him Augustus
• Becomes the first emperor in Rome
• Republic is effectively over
• Democracy was replaced by a permanent dictatorship
• Augustus becomes the first of the Julio - Claudia Dynasty
• Augustus
• Tiberius
• Caligula
• Claudia
• Nero

• Augustus' heirs weren't as competent
• Following emperors had some issues
• Suetonius - historian that writes about the Emperors
• Augustus - the pricipate
• Doesn't think of himself as better that the senators but he is first
• Augustus' ancestors were supposedly gods
• Used political propaganda - famous statue

• Tiberius is not heir of Augustus
• He was Augustus' step son
• Good at administrative but he was cruel man

• Caligula - NUTCASE
• Had relations with his sister
• Tried to have his horse named a senator
• Had people killed before him for fun

• Claudius ok
• Deformed and kept to himself
• Ok because he let the professionals handle everything

• Nero - NUTCASE
• Burned down half of Rome to build a park
• Forced to kill himself

• He ends the Julio - Claudian emperors

• Vespasian
• Old military general
• Didn't take no BS
• Wanted strict military order
• Thought most of the others were nutcases
• Mostly the empowers were made into gods
• That’s why the Christians got into trouble because they refused to pay the god tax

• Titus
• Son of Vespasian
• Coliseum is finished under him
• Titus has his men sack Jerusalem and destroy the temple
• Part of why there's controversy in Jerusalem today

• Domitian
• Blood relative
• Builds public things like baths and such
• Assassinated

• Good Emperors
• Nerve 96-98
• Trajan 98-117
• Hadrian 117 - 138
• Antonius Pius 138 - 161
• Marcus Aurelius

Nerva

• Starts the practice of Rome of choosing who his heir is instead of just having the closest blood relative

Trajan

• Military genius
• Dacain campaign
• Trojans column tells war stories
• Expands empire

Hadrian

• Unlike any other emperor
• A renaissance man
• Philosopher, architect, world traveler
• Not from Italy, from Spain

Did the Roman Empire Fall?

Did the Roman Empire Fall?

The Roman Empire was the most powerful military force and the largest empire of its time. It survived and ruled for centuries. The Romans accomplished things that had never been dreamed before and still affects our world today. They succeeded in performing one of the most impressive feats of their time by uniting Europe, which had been impossible until that point. However, throughout its rule, the Empire had problems within its government and military. As a government and an empire, Rome fell, but because of what it did, we have the world, we live in today.

There is no set date for the fall of the Roman Empire. Most believe that the end was in the 460 - 480s CE, and came because of the invasions from outside forces like the Germans, Huns, Vandals, and Visigoths. The last great emperor was Theodosius who died in 395 CE. His sons took over the Empire and split it into the east and west. As a divided Empire, the Romans at this point were weak and there were several internal problems in the government and military. Several generals tried to revolt and take over the Empire, at the same time that the Germans and Visigoths were invading Gaul and northern Italy. These groups eventually took over the entirety of the Roman Empire in Europe and parts of Africa. (http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/history/fall.htm)

Revolts and civil wars were a problem that the Romans had had for centuries. There was hundreds of civil war battles fought, with the general of one legion versus general of another legion, for power. These Civil Wars united and divided the Empire several times. When Julius Caesar gained power in Rome, he won it by defeating the other then great general in the Roman Empire, Pompey. With a choice of either to revolt or be persecuted as an enemy of the state, Caesar decided to revolt. With Caesar invading northern Italy from Gaul, the Roman Senate of that time was unable to put up much resistance against Caesar because he had the support of the people. (http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar06.html)

After Caesar conquered Italy, he set up a new senate in Rome and continued to fight with Pompey for control of the rest of the Empire. After several setbacks, Caesar finally accomplished that in Greece. He continued from there and defeated the last of the older republican generals in Africa and Asia and put down several revolts. When Caesar returned he was hailed as a hero, but not everyone was happy with Caesar’s victory. (http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar07.html) Caesar was assassinated by his own senate on March 15, 44 BCE. This launched Rome into another civil war, between Octavian, the adopted son of Caesar, and Cassius and Brutus, the lead conspirators. (http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar08.html). Octavian won and turned the Roman Republic into an empire led by the emperors.

This constant fighting and change of governments may have played a part in the fall of Rome. With weak leaders and ambitious generals constantly fighting each other looking for revenge or power, the outside forces, such as the Germans and Visigoths, were able to easily conquer parts of the Roman Empire and defeat the Roman legions. When the Roman Empire was conquered and divided, many of the people of Europe had lived under Roman rule. However, without Roman rule, Europe fell apart. Because there was no central ruling power, the people formed tribes just as their ancestors had before the Romans came to power. These tribes were violent and frequently fought each other. The only unifying body that had any authority was the Christian Church, as many people had been converted in the Late Antiquity period. In general the Europeans gave up the literacy and sophistication that the Roman citizens had had. The only people who could read and write were the monks and priests of the Church and a select few rich land owners. This divided Europe was in a period call the Medieval or Dark Ages. (http://medieval.etrusia.co.uk/medieval_beginings/)

The Roman Empire was a powerful force during the height of its ruling. It achieved unimaginable things that no one had ever dreamed of achieving before that time. They united Europe and conquered the Mediterranean. However, a monarchial system of emperors led to incompetent leaders and greedy, jealous, and ambitious generals. This eventually weakened the internal workings of the Empire and left it vulnerable to attack. Without the rule of Rome, we would not have the world we live in, but as an empire, Rome did fall.

Works Cited
"C. Julius Caesar - a Biography in Twelve Parts." Livius. Articles on Ancient History. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. <http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar06.html>.

"C. Julius Caesar - a Biography in Twelve Parts." Livius. Articles on Ancient History. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. <http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar07.html>.

"C. Julius Caesar - a Biography in Twelve Parts." Livius. Articles on Ancient History. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. <http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar08.html

"Decline of the Roman Empire -." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire>.

"Fall of Rome - History for Kids!" Kidipede - History and Science for Kids - Homework Help for Middle School. Web. 11 Mar. 2010. http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/history/fall.htm.

"Medieval Beginings - From the 5th Century AD - After the Fall of Rome." Medieval World - Etrusia's Guide to Medieval Britain. Web. 12 Mar. 2010. <http://medieval.etrusia.co.uk/medieval_beginings/>.

Early Christian and Byzantine Portraits

The first portraits that appear are in Egypt on the coffins of pharaohs. These were sometimes influenced by the early Greeks and Romans that went to Egypt. They were meant to keep the image of the dead person alive and remind them of what they looked like. The early Christian paintings like the Ravenna Portrait of Justinian however were meant to show not only what that person looked like but what they did and the things that that person was known for, as a way to record things about them.

Julio - Claudian Emperors Flashcards

Augustus' Construction Achievements

Temple of Mars Ultor


Flaminian Road


Forum of Julius Caesar


Marcian Aqueduct


Theater at Pompeii


Temple of Quirinus


Temples on Capitoline


Portico at the Flaminian Ciricus


The Lupercal



Temple of divine Julius



temple of Apollo




Roman Senate house